feat: refine date_input to ensure consistent and accurate return types

[pranaybattu]

Describe your changes

• refine date_input to ensure consistent and accurate return types
• Added overloads to handle both single and range date inputs with specific return types
• Added type tests using assert_type for various scenarios, including single dates, date ranges, formats, min/max values, disabled state, and on_change callbacks

GitHub Issue Link (if applicable)

Related to #9477

Testing Plan

• Explanation of why no additional tests are needed
• Unit Tests (JS and/or Python)
• E2E Tests
• Any manual testing needed?

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