matlab 2019b - 2024b, installer fixes

[kftsehk]

Update the matlab package until recent versions

• verified working for R2018b-R2024a
• hashes for R{2020..2024}{a,b}
• updated preferred to R2023b
• remove fixes that seem unnecessary
• add all known dependencies for GUI to work (tested on system without gtk2

[spackbot-app[bot]]

@kftse-ust-hk can you review this PR?

This PR modifies the following package(s), for which you are listed as a maintainer:

• matlab

[kftsehk]

Kindly request for a third-party review.

[alalazo]

Can you update the PR to follow the recent change in the repository layout, or close it if not relevant anymore?

[kftsehk]

requires PR #50522

[alalazo]

Feel free to reopen at / migrate to https://github.com/spack/spack-packages if you want to continue working on this.