Change Build to C++17

[BMagnu]

From the comments in #3709 I take that requiring at least GCC 8, clang 5, or MSVC 2017 is not a problem. Hence, if there is no further opposition to it, this will close #3709 To do this while keeping our pipeline working, the following steps were necessary:

• Remove GCC 5 from the PR pipeline, since it does not support it. Since the pipeline still contains GCC 10 and clang 9, I don't believe adding a replacement version of GCC is required.
• Setting the compiler for nightlies and releases to GCC 10 instead of GCC 5
• Set the C++ target to cxx17 in the CMakeLists.txt
• Replacing removed functions with their C++17 alternatives (this is only one random_shuffle, replaced by the newer shuffle)