=pod

=head1 NAME

Net::SSH2 - Support for the SSH 2 protocol via libssh2.

=head1 SYNOPSIS

use Net::SSH2;

my $ssh2 = Net::SSH2->new();

$ssh2->connect('example.com') or $ssh2->die_with_error;

$ssh->check_hostkey('ask') or $ssh2->die_with_error;

$ssh->auth_publickey($ENV{USER}, "$ENV{HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa.pub", "$ENV{HOME}/.ssh/id_rsa") or $ssh->die_with_error;

my $chan = $ssh2->channel() or $ssh2->die_with_error;

$chan->exec('ls') or $ssh2->die_with_error;

print while <$chan>;

print "EXIT CODE: ", $chan->exit_status, "\n";

$chan->close;

my $sftp = $ssh2->sftp() or $ssh2->die_with_error;;

my $fh = $sftp->open('/etc/passwd') or $sftp->die_with_error;

print while <$fh>;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Net::SSH2 is a Perl interface to the libssh2 (Lhttp://www.libssh2.org) library. It supports the SSH2 protocol (there is no support for SSH1) with all of the key exchanges, ciphers, and compression of libssh2.

Even if the module can be compiled and linked against very old versions of the library, nothing below 1.5.0 should really be used (older versions were quite buggy and unreliable) and version 1.7.0 or later is recommended.

=head2 Error handling

Unless otherwise indicated, methods return a true value on success and C on failure; use the L method to get extended error information.

B<Important>: methods in Net::SSH2 not backed by libssh2 functions (i.e. L</check_hostkey> or L<SCP|/scp_get> related methods) require libssh2 1.7.0 or later in order to set the error state. That means that after any of those methods fails, L would not return the real code but just some bogus result when an older version of the library is used.

=head2 Typical usage

The typical usage order is as follows:

=over 4

=item 1

Create the SSH2 object calling L.

=item 2

Configure the session if required. For instance, enabling compression or picking some specific encryption methods.

=item 3

Establish the SSH connection calling the method L.

=item 4

Check the remote host public key calling L</check_hostkey>.

=item 5

Authenticate calling the required L<authentication methods|/auth>.

=item 6

Call L and related methods to create new bidirectional communication channels over the SSH connection.

=item 7

Close the connection letting the Net::SSH2 object go out of scope or calling L explicitly.

=back

=head1 CONSTANTS

All the constants defined in libssh2 can be imported from Net::SSH2.

For instance:

use Net::SSH2 qw(LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA_MERGE LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_FLUSH_ALL LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ASK);

Though note that most methods accept the uncommon part of the constant name as a string. For instance the following two method calls are equivalent:

$channel->ext_data(LIBSSH2_CHANNEL_EXTENDED_DATA_MERGE);
$channel->ext_data('merge');

Tags can be used to import the following constant subsets:

callback channel error socket trace hash method disconnect policy fx fxf sftp

The tag C can also be used to import all of them.

=head1 METHODS

=head2 new ( %options )

Create new Net::SSH2 object representing a SSH session.

The accepted options are as follows:

=over 4

=item timeout

Sets the default timeout in milliseconds. See L.

=item trace

Sets tracing. See L.

Example:

my $ssh2 = Net::SSH2->new(trace => -1);

Note that tracing requires a version of libssh2 compiled with debugging support.

=item debug

Enable debugging. See L.

=item compress

Sets flag C<LIBSSH2_FLAG_COMPRESS>. See L.

=item sigpipe

Sets flag C<LIBSSH2_FLAG_SIGPIPE>. See L.

=back

=head2 banner ( text )

Set the SSH2 banner text sent to the remote host (prepends required "SSH-2.0-").

=head2 version

In scalar context, returns libssh2 version/patch e.g. 0.18 or "0.18.0-20071110". In list context, returns that version plus the numeric version (major, minor, and patch, each encoded as 8 bits, e.g. 0x001200 for version 0.18) and the default banner text (e.g. "SSH-2.0-libssh2_0.18.0-20071110").

=head2 error

Returns the last error code. In list context, returns (code, error name, error string).

Note that the returned error value is only meaningful after some other method indicates an error by returning false.

=head2 die_with_error ( [message] )

Calls C with the given message and the error information from the object appended.

For instance:

$ssh2->connect("ajhkfhdklfjhklsjhd", 22) or $ssh2->die_with_error;

dies as:

Unable to connect to remote host: Invalid argument (-1 LIBSSH2_ERROR_SOCKET_NONE)

=head2 sock

Returns a reference to the underlying LIO::Socket object (usually a derived class as LIO::Socket::IP or LIO::Socket::INET), or C if not yet connected.

=head2 trace

Calls C<libssh2_trace> with supplied bitmask. In order to enable all tracing pass C<-1> as follows:

$ssh2->trace(-1);

A version of libssh2 compiled with tracing support is required.

=head2 timeout ( timeout_ms )

Enables a global timeout (in milliseconds) which will affect every action (requires libssh2 1.2.9 or later).

By default, or if you set the timeout to zero, Net::SSH2 has no timeout.

Note that timeout errors may leave the SSH connection in an inconsistent state and further operations may fail or behave incorrectly. Actually, some methods are able to recover after a timeout error and others are not.

I<Don't hesitate to report any issue you encounter related to this so that it can be fixed or at least, documented!>

=head2 method ( type [, values... ] )

Sets or gets a method preference. For get, pass in the type only; to set, pass in either a list of values or a comma-separated string. Values can only be queried after the session is connected.

The following methods can be set or queried:

=over 4

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_KEX

Key exchange method names. Supported values:

=over 4

=item diffie-hellman-group1-sha1

Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, and Oakley Group 2 (see RFC 2409).

=item diffie-hellman-group14-sha1

Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, and Oakley Group 14 (see RFC 3526).

=item diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1

Diffie-Hellman key exchange with SHA-1 as hash, using a safe-prime/generator pair (chosen by server) of arbitrary strength (specified by client) (see IETF draft secsh-dh-group-exchange).

=back

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_HOSTKEY

Public key algorithms. Supported values:

=over 4

=item ssh-dss

Based on the Digital Signature Standard (FIPS-186-2).

=item ssh-rsa

Based on PKCS#1 (RFC 3447).

=back

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_CRYPT_CS

Encryption algorithm from client to server. Supported algorithms:

=over 4

=item aes256-cbc

AES in CBC mode, with 256-bit key.

=item [email protected]

Alias for aes256-cbc.

=item aes192-cbc

AES in CBC mode, with 192-bit key.

=item aes128-cbc

AES in CBC mode, with 128-bit key.

=item blowfish-cbc

Blowfish in CBC mode.

=item arcfour

ARCFOUR stream cipher.

=item cast128-cbc

CAST-128 in CBC mode.

=item 3des-cbc

Three-key 3DES in CBC mode.

=item none

No encryption.

=back

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_CRYPT_SC

Encryption algorithm from server to client. See the C<LIBSSH2_METHOD_CRYPT_CS> entry above for supported algorithms.

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_MAC_CS

Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms from client to server. Supported values:

=over 4

=item hmac-sha1

SHA-1 with 20-byte digest and key length.

=item hmac-sha1-96

SHA-1 with 20-byte key length and 12-byte digest length.

=item hmac-md5

MD5 with 16-byte digest and key length.

=item hmac-md5-96

MD5 with 16-byte key length and 12-byte digest length.

=item hmac-ripemd160

RIPEMD-160 algorithm with 20-byte digest length.

=item [email protected]

Alias for hmac-ripemd160.

=item none

No encryption.

=back

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_MAC_SC

Message Authentication Code (MAC) algorithms from server to client. See L<LIBSSH2_METHOD_MAC_CS> for supported algorithms.

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_COMP_CS

Compression methods from client to server. Supported values:

=over 4

=item zlib

The "zlib" compression method as described in RFC 1950 and RFC 1951.

=item none

No compression

=back

=item LIBSSH2_METHOD_COMP_SC

Compression methods from server to client. See L<LIBSSH2_METHOD_COMP_CS> for supported compression methods.

=back

=head2 connect ( handle | host [, port])

The argument combinations accepted are as follows:

=over 4

=item a glob or CIO::* object reference

Note that tied file handles are not acceptable. The underlying libssh2 requires real file handles.

=item host [, port]

In order to handle IPv6 addresses the optional module LIO::Socket::IP is required.

The port number defaults to 22.

=back

This method used to accept a C<Timeout> argument. That feature has been replaced by the constructor C option but note that it takes milliseconds instead of seconds!

=head2 disconnect ( [description [, reason [, language]]] )

Sends a clean disconnect message to the remote server. Default values are empty strings for description and language, and C<SSH_DISCONNECT_BY_APPLICATION> for the reason.

=head2 hostname

The name of the remote host given at connect time or retrieved from the TCP layer.

=head2 port

The port number of the remote SSH server.

=head2 hostkey_hash ( hash type )

Returns a hash of the host key; note that the key is raw data and may contain nulls or control characters.

The type may be as follows:

=over 4

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_HASH_MD5

MD5 hash, 16 bytes long (requires libssh2 compiled with MD5 support).

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_HASH_SHA1

SHA1 hash, 20 bytes long.

=back

Note: in previous versions of the module this method was called C.

=head2 remote_hostkey

Returns the public key from the remote host and its type which is one of C<LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_RSA>, C<LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_DSS>, or C<LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_TYPE_UNKNOWN>.

=head2 check_hostkey( [policy, [known_hosts_path [, comment] ] ] )

Looks for the remote host key inside the given known host file (defaults to C<~/.ssh/known_hosts>).

On success, this method returns the result of the call done under the hood to CNet::SSH2::KnownHost::check (i.e. C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MATCH>, C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_FAILURE>, C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_NOTFOUND> or C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MISMATCH>).

On failure it returns C.

The accepted policies are as follows:

=over 4

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_STRICT

Only host keys already present in the known hosts file are accepted.

This is the default policy.

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ASK

If the host key is not present in the known hosts file, the user is asked if it should be accepted or not.

If accepted, the key is added to the known host file with the given comment.

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_TOFU

Trust On First Use: if the host key is not present in the known hosts file, it is added there and accepted.

=item LIBSSH2_HOSTKEY_POLICY_ADVISORY

The key is always accepted, but it is never saved into the known host file.

=item callback

If a reference to a subroutine is given, it is called when the key is not present in the known hosts file or a different key is found. The arguments passed to the callback are the session object, the matching error (C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_FAILURE>, C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_NOTFOUND> or C<LIBSSH2_KNOWNHOST_CHECK_MISMATCH>) and the comment.

=back

=head2 auth_list ( [username] )

Returns the authentication methods accepted by the server. In scalar context the methods are returned as a comma separated string.

When the server accepted an unauthenticated session for the given username, this method returns C but L</auth_ok> returns true.

=head2 auth_ok

Returns true when the session is authenticated.

=head2 auth_password ( username [, password [, callback ]] )

Authenticates using a password.

If the password has expired, if a callback code reference was given, it's called as C<callback($self, $username)> and should return a password. If no callback is provided, LIBSSH2_ERROR_PASSWORD_EXPIRED is returned.

=head2 auth_password_interact ( username [, callback])

Prompts the user for the password interactively (requires LTerm::ReadKey).

=head2 auth_publickey ( username, publickey_path, privatekey_path [, passphrase ] )

Authenticate using the given private key and an optional passphrase.

When libssh2 is compiled using OpenSSL as the crypto backend, passing this method C as the public key argument is acceptable (OpenSSL is able to extract the public key from the private one).

See also L<Supported key formats>.

=head2 auth_publickey_frommemory ( username, publickey_blob, privatekey_blob [, passphrase ] )

Authenticate using the given public/private key and an optional passphrase. The keys must be PEM encoded (requires libssh2 1.6.0 or later with the OpenSSL backend).

=head2 auth_hostbased ( username, publickey, privatekey, hostname, [, local username [, passphrase ]] )

Host-based authentication using an optional passphrase. The local username defaults to be the same as the remote username.

=head2 auth_keyboard ( username, password | callback )

Authenticate using C. Takes either a password, or a callback code reference which is invoked as C<callback-E(self, username, name, instruction, prompt...)> (where each prompt is a hash with C and C keys, signifying the prompt text and whether the user input should be echoed, respectively) which should return an array of responses.

If only a username is provided, the default callback will handle standard interactive responses (requires LTerm::ReadKey)

=head2 auth_agent ( username )

Try to authenticate using an SSH agent (requires libssh2 1.2.3).

=head2 auth ( ... )

This is a general, prioritizing authentication mechanism that can use any of the previous methods. You provide it some parameters and (optionally) a ranked list of methods you want considered (defaults to all). It will remove any unsupported methods or methods for which it doesn't have parameters (e.g. if you don't give it a public key, it can't use publickey or hostkey), and try the rest, returning whichever one succeeded or C if they all failed. If a parameter is passed with an C value, a default value will be supplied if possible.

The parameters are:

=over 4

=item rank

An optional ranked list of methods to try. The names should be the names of the LNet::SSH2 C methods, e.g. C or C, with the addition of C for automated C and C which prompts the user for the password interactively.

=item username

=item password

=item publickey

=item privatekey

C and C are file paths.

=item passphrase

=item hostname

=item local_username

=item interact

If this option is set to a true value, interactive methods will be enabled.

=item fallback

If a password is given but authentication using it fails, the module will fall back to ask the user for another password if this parameter is set to a true value.

=item cb_keyboard

L<auth_keyboard> callback.

=item cb_password

L<auth_password> callback.

=back

For historical reasons and in order to maintain backward compatibility with older versions of the module, when the C argument is given, it is also used as the passphrase (and a deprecation warning generated).

In order to avoid that behaviour the C argument must be also passed (it could be C). For instance:

$ssh2->auth(username => $user, privatekey => $privatekey_path, publickey => $publickey_path, password => $password, passphrase => undef);

This work around will be removed in a not too distant future version of the module.

=head2 flag (key, value)

Sets the given session flag.

The currently supported flag values are:

=over 4

=item LIBSSH2_FLAG_COMPRESS

If set before the connection negotiation is performed, compression will be negotiated for this connection.

Compression can also be enabled passing option C to the constructor L.

=item LIBSSH2_FLAG_SIGPIPE

if set, Net::SSH2/libssh2 will not attempt to block SIGPIPEs but will let them trigger from the underlying socket layer.

=back

=head2 keepalive_config(want_reply, interval)

Set how often keepalive messages should be sent.

C<want_reply> indicates whether the keepalive messages should request a response from the server. C is number of seconds that can pass without any I/O.

=head2 keepalive_send

Send a keepalive message if needed.

On failure returns undef. On success returns how many seconds you can sleep after this call before you need to call it again.

Note that the underlying libssh2 function C<libssh2_keepalive_send> can not recover from EAGAIN errors. If this method fails with such error, the SSH connection may become corrupted.

The usage of this function is discouraged.

=head2 channel ( [type, [window size, [packet size]]] )

Creates and returns a new channel object. See LNet::SSH2::Channel.

Type, if given, must be C (a reminiscence of an old, more generic, but never working wrapping).

=head2 tcpip ( host, port [, shost, sport ] )

Creates a TCP connection from the remote host to the given host:port, returning a new channel.

The C and C arguments are merely informative and passed to the remote SSH server as the origin of the connection. They default to 127.0.0.1:22.

Note that this method does B open a new port on the local machine and forwards incoming connections to the remote side.

=head2 listen ( port [, host [, bound port [, queue size ]]] )

Sets up a TCP listening port on the remote host. Host defaults to 0.0.0.0; if bound port is provided, it should be a scalar reference in which the bound port is returned. Queue size specifies the maximum number of queued connections allowed before the server refuses new connections.

Returns a new Net::SSH2::Listener object.

=head2 scp_get ( remote_path [, local_path ] )

Retrieve a file with SCP. Local path defaults to basename of remote.

Alternatively, C<local_path> may be an already open file handle or an IO::Handle object (e.g. IO::File, IO::Scalar).

=head2 scp_put ( local_path [, remote_path ] )

Send a file with SCP. Remote path defaults to same as local.

Alternatively, C<local_path> may be an already open file handle or a reference to a IO::Handle object (it must have a valid stat method).

=head2 sftp

Return SecureFTP interface object (see LNet::SSH2::SFTP).

Note that SFTP support in libssh2 is pretty rudimentary. You should consider using LNet::SFTP::Foreign with the LNet::SSH2 backend LNet::SFTP::Foreign::Backend::Net_SSH2 instead.

=head2 public_key

Return public key interface object (see LNet::SSH2::PublicKey).

=head2 known_hosts

Returns known hosts interface object (see LNet::SSH2::KnownHosts).

=head2 poll ( timeout, arrayref of hashes )

B<Deprecated>: the poll functionality in libssh2 is deprecated and its usage disregarded. Session methods L and L</block_directions> can be used instead to integrate Net::SSH2 inside an external event loop.

Pass in a timeout in milliseconds and an arrayref of hashes with the following keys:

=over 4

=item handle

May be a LNet::SSH2::Channel or LNet::SSH2::Listener object, integer file descriptor, or perl file handle.

=item events

Requested events. Combination of LIBSSH2_POLLFD_* constants (with the POLL prefix stripped if present), or an arrayref of the names ('in', 'hup' etc.).

=item revents

Returned events. Returns a hash with the (lowercased) names of the received events ('in', 'hup', etc.) as keys with true values, and a C key with the integer value.

=back

Returns undef on error, or the number of active objects.

=head2 block_directions

Get the blocked direction after some method returns C<LIBSSH2_ERROR_EAGAIN>.

Returns C<LIBSSH2_SESSION_BLOCK_INBOUND> or/and C<LIBSSH2_SESSION_BLOCK_OUTBOUND>.

=head2 debug ( state )

Class method (affects all Net::SSH2 objects).

Pass 1 to enable, 0 to disable. Debug output is sent to C<STDERR>.

=head2 blocking ( flag )

Enable or disable blocking.

A good number of the methods in CNet::SSH2/C can not work in non-blocking mode. Some of them may just forcibly enable blocking during its execution. A few may even corrupt the SSH session or crash the program.

The ones that can be safely called are C and, with some caveats, C. See LNet::SSH2::Channel/write.

I<Don't hesitate to report any bug you found in that area!>

=head1 INTEROPERABILITY AND OTHER KNOWN ISSUES

=head2 Protocol versions

The underlying C library does support version 2 of the SSH protocol exclusively (hopefully, version 1 usage is almost extinct.)

The SFTP client implements version 3 of the SFTP protocol.

=head2 Key formats

Private and public keys can be generated and stored using different formats and cyphers. Which ones are accepted by CNet::SSH2 depends on the libssh2 version being used and of the underlying crypto backend it was configured to use at build time (OpenSSL C or C).

An increasingly common problem is that OpenSSH since version 7.8 (released 2018-8-24) generates keys by default using the format RFC4716 which is not supported by the default crypto backend (C).

Keys can be converted inplace to the old PEM format using L<ssh-keygen(1)> as follows:

$ ssh-keygen -p -m PEM -N "" -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa

On Windows, PuTTYgen (which is part of the PuTTY distribution) can be used to convert keys.

Another common issue is that in the last years OpenSSH has incorporated several new cyphers that are not supported by any version of C yet. Currently the best option from an interoperability standpoint is probably to stick to RSA key usage.

=head2 Security

Nowadays C development is not thrilling; new versions (even minor ones) are being released just every two or three years. On the other hand security issues are found and reported far more frequently. That means that CNet::SSH2/C could be an easy attack vector.

So, Net::SSH2 should be used only in trusted environments. More specifically, using it to connect to untrusted third party computers over the Internet is probably a very bad idea!

=head1 SEE ALSO

LNet::SSH2::Channel, LNet::SSH2::Listener, LNet::SSH2::SFTP, LNet::SSH2::File, LNet::SSH2::Dir.

LibSSH2 documentation at Lhttp://www.libssh2.org.

IETF Secure Shell (secsh) working group at Lhttp://www.ietf.org/html.charters/secsh-charter.html.

LNet::SSH::Any and LNet::SFTP::Foreign integrate nicely with Net::SSH2.

Other Perl modules related to SSH you may find interesting: LNet::OpenSSH, LNet::SSH::Perl, LNet::OpenSSH::Parallel, LNet::OpenSSH::Compat.

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2005 - 2010 by David B. Robins ([email protected]).

Copyright (C) 2010 - 2020 by Rafael Kitover ([email protected]).

Copyright (C) 2011 - 2020 by Salvador FandiEo ([email protected]).

All rights reserved.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.0 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.

=cut