perf: cache intermediate type class results and non-results

[JovanGerb]

Cache intermediate type class successes and failures. A cleaned up version of #4152, (on that branch I was experimenting with some other stuff)

Note: in some tests, the numbers in metavariables have lowered. This is because less new metavariables are created during type class search, so the name generator is used less.

[leanprover-community-mathlib4-bot]

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