Migrate typing for core files

[sl0thentr0py]

extracted from https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/pull/4487/files with lots of manual fixes

• migrate old style # type: bla to inline types
• most importantly use __future__.annotations so that we can simply use forward annotations without wrapping them in strings like we did before, this simplifies things substantially
• also guard only things that shouldn't be imported under TYPE_CHECKING, in the future it seems we should avoid using TYPE_CHECKING completely

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 97.98032% with 39 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 84.86%. Comparing base (06ef70c) to head (7bfc6a0). Report is 1 commits behind head on potel-base.

:white_check_mark: All tests successful. No failed tests found.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
sentry_sdk/integrations/gcp.py	0.00%	9 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/integrations/aws_lambda.py	73.68%	5 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/integrations/clickhouse_driver.py	64.28%	2 Missing and 3 partials :warning:
sentry_sdk/transport.py	92.00%	3 Missing and 1 partial :warning:
sentry_sdk/utils.py	97.24%	2 Missing and 1 partial :warning:
sentry_sdk/integrations/spark/spark_driver.py	94.87%	2 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/scope.py	98.29%	2 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/_compat.py	80.00%	1 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/integrations/asgi.py	93.75%	1 Missing :warning:
sentry_sdk/integrations/atexit.py	83.33%	1 Missing :warning:
... and 6 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff               @@
##           potel-base    #4500      +/-   ##
==============================================
+ Coverage       84.84%   84.86%   +0.01%     
==============================================
  Files             144      144              
  Lines           14882    15005     +123     
  Branches         2362     2374      +12     
==============================================
+ Hits            12627    12734     +107     
- Misses           1533     1541       +8     
- Partials          722      730       +8     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
sentry_sdk/_init_implementation.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
sentry_sdk/_log_batcher.py	79.76% <100.00%> (+0.24%)	:arrow_up:
sentry_sdk/_lru_cache.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
sentry_sdk/_queue.py	60.00% <100.00%> (ø)
sentry_sdk/_werkzeug.py	50.00% <100.00%> (+1.85%)	:arrow_up:
sentry_sdk/ai/monitoring.py	88.88% <100.00%> (+0.15%)	:arrow_up:
sentry_sdk/ai/utils.py	85.71% <100.00%> (+0.71%)	:arrow_up:
sentry_sdk/api.py	96.77% <100.00%> (+0.03%)	:arrow_up:
sentry_sdk/attachments.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
sentry_sdk/client.py	84.88% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 124 more

[sl0thentr0py]

@sentrivana fixed the casts and needed some changes to fix the resulting problems which were actually bad type signatures so fixed those too

[sl0thentr0py]

also I will keep this draft and stack the other PRs on top and merge all at once into potel-base at the end