feat: support `NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS`

[codebytere]

Description of Change

Closes https://github.com/electron/electron/issues/41590

Adds missing support for NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS in Electron. It works as-is with OpenSSL & BoringSSL both - as evidenced by the workaround employed for devcontainers.

Also allows re-enabling of some disabled Node.js smoke tests.

Checklist

• [x] PR description included and stakeholders cc'd
• [x] npm test passes
• [x] tests are changed or added
• [x] relevant documentation, tutorials, templates and examples are changed or added
• [x] PR release notes describe the change in a way relevant to app developers, and are capitalized, punctuated, and past tense.

Release Notes

Notes: Added support for NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS.

[codebytere]

@MarshallOfSound gated it into the node options fuse

[nornagon]

API LGTM

[release-clerk[bot]]

Release Notes Persisted

Added support for NODE_EXTRA_CA_CERTS.

[trop[bot]]

I was unable to backport this PR to "28-x-y" cleanly; you will need to perform this backport manually.

[trop[bot]]

I was unable to backport this PR to "29-x-y" cleanly; you will need to perform this backport manually.

[trop[bot]]

I was unable to backport this PR to "30-x-y" cleanly; you will need to perform this backport manually.