Update CHANGELOG and fix mypy compatibility for curry.partial

[AdrianAcala]

• Added a bugfix entry in CHANGELOG for curry.partial compatibility with mypy 1.6.1+.
• Modified inference.py to use a local variable for argument inference context.
• Added mypy configuration file and a test for partial functionality in test_partial.py.

I have made things!

Checklist

• [x] I have double checked that there are no unrelated changes in this pull request (old patches, accidental config files, etc)
• [x] I have created at least one test case for the changes I have made
• [ ] I have updated the documentation for the changes I have made (since this is just fixing dependency issues, I didn't think a documentation update was necessary)
• [x] I have added my changes to the CHANGELOG.md

Related issues

• Closes #1711

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[AdrianAcala]

@sobolevn , ready for your review whenever you have time. Thanks so much for the work you do 😃