feat: retry delay strategy

[krpeacock]

Description

Developers have noticed the agent is more frequently erroring with the new watermark protections against replay attacks / stale data. This feature adds a delay strategy for retries that will allow for more time for nodes to catch up, with exponential increases to the rate

Fixes SDK-1562

How Has This Been Tested?

new e2e tests

Checklist:

• [x] My changes follow the guidelines in CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [x] The title of this PR complies with Conventional Commits.
• [x] I have edited the CHANGELOG accordingly.
• [x] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation.

[github-actions[bot]]

size-limit report 📦

Path	Size
@dfinity/agent	85.62 KB (+0.93% 🔺)
@dfinity/candid	13.58 KB (0%)
@dfinity/principal	4.97 KB (0%)
@dfinity/auth-client	60.71 KB (+1.4% 🔺)
@dfinity/assets	80.24 KB (+0.88% 🔺)
@dfinity/identity	57.92 KB (+1.34% 🔺)
@dfinity/identity-secp256k1	265.65 KB (+0.2% 🔺)