Generic warnings and hints mechanism

[cspotcode]

Extracted from #1248

Big idea: there are various places in ts-node where we can emit warnings and hints. We should have a generic mechanism to give them diagnostic codes and let users opt-in or opt-out either fully or per-code.

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We discussed this on Discord: https://discord.com/channels/508357248330760243/508357707602853888/843546169752813589

Conclusions:

• Use node's warnings API: process.emitWarning()
  • there is already precedent for warnings to emit to stderr from here
  • node already has APIs to intercept these warnings and flags to suppress them
• Match node's behavior and emit each warning only once
• Add warnings: boolean to API surface
  • false to disable them
  • Future work can expand to suppress or allow warnings by code
• Add onWarning: callback to API surface
  • if specified, warnings are sent here instead of to process.emitWarning
• All warnings get a code TSNODE<4-digit number>
  • This is familiar: node's deprecation warnings are DEP1234; TypeScript uses TS1234
  • code allows easy detection in process.on('warning' handlers
• emit to stderr, not stdout
  • changes to stderr emit typically not considered breaking; stderr has no contract

Questions

• when tsconfig has "warnings": false, but a warning emits before tsconfig is loaded
  • Do we defer those warnings till after all options are known? For the "target" warning, we can do this
• ts-node's existing diagnostic logging: does it get diagnostic codes?
• diagnostic code types
  • warning
  • hint
  • debug / trace
• TS_NODE_DEBUG or DEBUG env var
  • support full range of include / exclude config supported in tsconfig?