add: Perceptron algorithm implementation

[SaviNimz]

Describe your change:

• [x] Add an algorithm?
• [ ] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• [ ] Add or change doctests?
• [ ] Documentation change? Implemented the Perceptron algorithm in machine_learning/perceptron.py.

• Added Perceptron class with fit and predict methods.
• Included Step activation function.
• Added extensive doctests and a main execution block.
• Followed project guidelines (type hints, snake_case, docstrings). Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron

Checklist:

• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file.
• [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• [x] All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• [x] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) (e.g., "Fixes #123").