Add Shor's Algorithm implementation

[thotaDeepika]

Describe your change:

• ✔ Add an algorithms

Checklist:

• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md
• [x] This pull request is all my own work
• [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests
• [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file
• [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory
• [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes
• [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions
• [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints
• [x] All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing
• [x] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia

Fixes #12318

This PR implements Shor's Algorithm for integer factorization as a classical simulation, demonstrating how the algorithm breaks RSA cryptography without requiring Qiskit or Cirq.