add Elementary Cellular Automaton (Rule 30) implementation (Hacktoberfest 2025)

[Craniace]

Elementary Cellular Automaton (Rule 30) implementation

Describe your change:

• [x] Add an algorithm
• [ ] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm
• [x] Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• [ ] Documentation change

Checklist:

• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, I have opened a single PR for this algorithm.
• [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory (e.g., cellular_automata/).
• [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• [x] All function and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• [x] All functions have doctests that pass automated testing.
• [x] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".