Improve the existing TimSort implementation

[pgnikolov]

Describe your change:

This PR improves the existing TimSort implementation by making it more efficient, readable, and compliant with TheAlgorithms current contributing guidelines.

Improvements:

• Handles any iterable input (strings, tuples, etc.)
• Uses binary insertion sort for small runs
• Implements iterative merging instead of recursive merge
• Adds type hints and detailed docstrings with doctests
• Passes ruff, mypy, black, and doctest checks

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timsort

• [ ] Add an algorithm?
• [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• [x] Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• [ ] Documentation change?

Checklist:

• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• [x] All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• [x] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".