feat(dp): palindrome partitioning - minimum cuts (O(n²))

[GitandTonic]

• Dynamic programming solution
• Returns minimum cuts + one valid partition
• No tests in this PR (will follow up)

Describe your change:

This algorithm returns the minimum number of cuts and one concrete partition, thus giving more scope to the solution

• [ ✔️] Add an algorithm?
• [ ] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• [ ] Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• [ ] Documentation change?

Checklist:

• [ ✔️] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [ ✔️] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [ ✔️] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [ ✔️] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• [ ✔️] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [ ✔️] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• [ ✔️] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• [ ✔️] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• [ ✔️] All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• [ ✔️] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".