Feature/travelling salesman

[aydinomer00]

Feature/travelling salesman

Fixes #11938

• Implemented TSP (Travelling Salesman Problem) solution using dynamic programming
• Added implementation to dynamic_programming directory
• Added doctest for functionality verification
• Returns optimal cost and path
• Handles edge cases with error handling

Checklist:

• [x] Add an algorithm
• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md
• [x] This PR is my own work
• [x] PR only changes one algorithm file
• [x] All new Python files are placed inside existing directory
• [x] All functions/variables follow Python naming conventions
• [x] All parameters and returns are type annotated
• [x] Doctests pass automated testing
• [x] "Fixes #11938" closes the original issue