Clean up `<stdexcept>` header reference

[Rageking8]

Add missing word and a bunch of cleanups.

[prmerger-automator[bot]]

@Rageking8 : Thanks for your contribution! The author(s) and reviewer(s) have been notified to review your proposed change.

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Learn Build status updates of commit 974ceb7:

:white_check_mark: Validation status: passed

File	Status	Preview URL	Details
docs/standard-library/stdexcept.md	:white_check_mark:Succeeded

For more details, please refer to the build report.

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PRMerger Results

Issue	Description
File Change Percent	This PR contains file(s) with more than 30% file change.

[ttorble]

@TylerMSFT

Can you review the proposed changes?

Editorial changes LGTM

IMPORTANT: When the changes are ready for publication, adding a #sign-off comment is the best way to signal that the PR is ready for the review team to merge.

#label:"aq-pr-triaged" @MicrosoftDocs/public-repo-pr-review-team