[Epic] Add Support for `ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT` in Platform

[nmeagan11]

Initiative and Theme

Materialize is Friendly; Materialize works with your existing pipelines

Problem

Subset of https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/13044. Supporting Debezium upsert envelopes is necessary for users that already have Kafka + Debezium. This is our second highest priority envelope to support in Platform, behind ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM.

Success Criteria

Users can successfully execute a CREATE SOURCE ... FROM KAFKA ... ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT statement.

QA Sign-off

• [ ] Add ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT to Zippy, Platform Checks and the Feature Benchmark

Time Horizon

Large

Blockers

• Resolve open question in https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/13121#issuecomment-1165140138
• https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/11772
• Determine if we need to do https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/13309

[benesch]

If we opt to abandon #13309 (i.e., we continue to not perform deduplication with ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT) then I think supporting ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT requires no additional work over ENVELOPE UPSERT, which is quite appealing.

[umanwizard]

The code for this has now landed, with the caveat that errors are un-retractable until https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize/issues/14084 lands.

Leaving the issue open pending QA signoff as the code is still only very lightly tested.

[philip-stoev]

ENVELOPE DEBEZIUM UPSERT is now present in both Zippy and Platform Checks, so this is good to go.